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STORY · REGGAE

The rod, the bandwagon and the handshake

Well supported

Between 1972 and 1978, reggae went to the polls and then tried to broker a peace.

How reggae became entangled with PNP and JLP politics, from the 1972 campaign anthems to Bob Marley's contested unity gesture in 1978.

Reggae on the campaign trail

By 1972 the People's National Party had grasped what the music could do. The PNP Bandwagon, with organisers including Clancy Eccles, carried reggae stars from town to town, and hits such as 'Better Must Come' and 'Let the Power Fall on I' became campaign anthems. Michael Manley's 'rod of correction', linked in popular telling to Haile Selassie, fused biblical and Rastafari symbolism with electoral appeal.

Supporters heard an authentic people's demand for change; critics saw songs of hope conscripted into a party machine. Either way, reggae and the ballot box were now bound together, and the militant mood of records like 'Beat Down Babylon' gave the season its charge.

The price of the alliance

The alliance had a cost. As political tribalism hardened into garrison rivalry through the 1970s, artists, sound systems and whole communities were pulled into a partisan geography that could turn deadly. The music that celebrated change also became a marker of which side a neighbourhood was on.

A handshake held above the crowd asked more of two men than they were ready to give.

At the One Love Peace Concert in 1978, Bob Marley joined the hands of the rival leaders on stage during 'Jamming', an image some remember as reggae's highest moment of moral authority and others as a hollow spectacle that changed nothing. On the same stage, Peter Tosh scolded both parties, refusing the role of peacemaker, a reminder that the music was arguing with itself even as it called for unity.

profile · person · Well supportedBob Marley

Singer-songwriter who brought reggae to a global audience with The Wailers and as a solo artist.

argument · concept · Well supportedPolitical tribalism and music

The entanglement of Jamaican popular music, sound systems and artists with the garrison politics of the PNP and JLP from the late 1960s, in which songs were adopted as party anthems and communities were divided along political lines.

example · concept · Well supportedRod of correction

The "rod of correction," a staff carried by PNP leader Michael Manley during the 1972 election and popularly linked to a gift from Emperor Haile Selassie I, which became a potent biblical-and-Rastafari political symbol woven through the reggae campaigning of the period.

artist path · person · ProbableDelroy Wilson

Delroy Wilson (5 October 1948 - 6 March 1995) was a Jamaican ska, rocksteady and reggae singer often described as Jamaica's first child star, having begun recording for Coxsone Dodd's Studio One at around age 13 in the early 1960s. Among his best-known records is the Lee "Scratch" Perry-associated "Better Must Come" (1971), later adopted as a campaign theme by the People's National Party. He recorded prolifically across three decades before his death in Kingston at 46.

example · person · ProbableClancy Eccles

Clancy Eccles (1940-2005) was a Jamaican ska and early-reggae singer, songwriter and producer who brought an overtly political dimension to his music. Recording on labels including Clandisc and New Beat, he produced artists such as Alton Ellis, Joe Higgs, Lord Creator ("Kingston Town") and Larry Marshall, and helped Lee "Scratch" Perry establish the Upsetter label in 1968. A committed socialist, he advised Michael Manley's PNP and organised the musical "Bandwagon" for the 1972 election campaign.

profile · event · Well supportedOne Love Peace Concert (1978)

The One Love Peace Concert, held 22 April 1978 at Kingston's National Stadium during a brokered truce in Jamaica's political violence, where Bob Marley joined the hands of rival leaders Michael Manley and Edward Seaga during "Jamming" — a moment remembered both as a peak of reggae's unifying power and, by critics, as a hollow spectacle.

artist path · person · Well supportedMax Romeo

Max Romeo is a Jamaican singer-songwriter best known for his work with producer Lee "Scratch" Perry at the Black Ark studio, including the politically charged 1976 album "War Ina Babylon" - roots reggae that combined social commentary with Perry's dense, experimental production style.

argument · person · Well supportedPeter Tosh

Founding member of The Wailers and influential solo artist.

recording · recording · Well supported"Let the Power Fall on I" — Max Romeo

"Let the Power Fall on I" (1971), Max Romeo's declaration that became one of the PNP's most-used campaign songs in 1972, tying reggae's spiritual language of deliverance to electoral politics.

recording · recording · Well supported"Better Must Come" — Delroy Wilson

"Better Must Come" (1971), Delroy Wilson's hopeful reggae hit on Dynamic Sounds, adopted as an anthem of Michael Manley's PNP in the 1972 election and remembered both as a people's cry for change and as a case study in political appropriation.

example · recording · Well supported"Beat Down Babylon" — Junior Byles

"Beat Down Babylon" (1972), Junior Byles's fierce Rastafari protest record produced by Lee "Scratch" Perry, capturing the militant, change-is-coming mood of early-1970s Jamaica.

argument · event · Well supportedPNP Bandwagon (1972)

The People's National Party's 1972 Bandwagon, a travelling musical roadshow of reggae stars, with Clancy Eccles among its key organisers, that carried songs like "Better Must Come" and "Let the Power Fall on I" into Michael Manley's election campaign and fused reggae with mass politics.